揭秘Kubernetes容器安全策略：如何守护您的云原生应用安全？

引言

随着云原生技术的蓬勃发展，Kubernetes已成为容器编排的事实标准。然而，Kubernetes的广泛应用也带来了新的安全挑战。本文将深入探讨Kubernetes容器安全策略，帮助您守护云原生应用的安全。

Kubernetes安全架构概述

Kubernetes安全架构主要包括以下几个方面：

1. 身份验证和授权：确保只有授权的用户和进程可以访问Kubernetes API和集群资源。
2. 网络策略：控制集群内部和外部的网络流量。
3. Pod安全策略：确保Pod的安全配置。
4. 节点安全：确保集群节点的安全配置。
5. 密钥管理：保护敏感数据，如密码、密钥和证书。

身份验证和授权

1. 证书颁发机构（CA）

Kubernetes使用证书颁发机构（CA）签发证书，用于身份验证和授权。您可以使用以下步骤配置CA：

1. 生成CA私钥和公钥：

   
   openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
   openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key ca.key -days 3650 -out ca.crt
   

2. 生成Kubernetes组件证书：

   
   openssl req -new -key k8s.key -out k8s.csr
   openssl x509 -req -in k8s.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAserial ca.srl -days 3650 -out k8s.crt
   

3. 配置Kubernetes组件：
   • 将生成的证书复制到相应的组件目录中。
   • 修改配置文件，如kube-apiserver、kubelet、etcd等，以使用证书。

2. RBAC

基于角色的访问控制（RBAC）是Kubernetes中用于授权的一种机制。您可以使用以下步骤配置RBAC：

1. 创建角色和角色绑定： “`yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: namespace: default name: admin rules:
   • apiGroups: [”“] resources: [“pods”] verbs: [“get”, “watch”, “list”]

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: RoleBinding metadata:

 name: admin-binding
 namespace: default

subjects:

• kind: User name: “admin” apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io roleRef: kind: Role name: admin apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io “`

1. 应用配置：
   • 使用kubectl apply -f role.yaml和kubectl apply -f rolebinding.yaml应用配置。

网络策略

Kubernetes网络策略允许您控制Pod之间的网络流量。以下是一些常见的网络策略：

1. 入站策略：控制进入Pod的网络流量。
2. 出站策略：控制离开Pod的网络流量。
3. DNS策略：控制Pod的DNS解析。

您可以使用以下步骤创建网络策略：

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-deny
spec:
  podSelector: {}
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  - Egress

Pod安全策略

Pod安全策略（PodSecurityPolicy，PSP）用于强制执行Pod的安全配置。以下是一些常见的PSP规则：

1. 运行时权限：限制Pod的运行时权限。
2. 容器映像来源：指定允许使用的容器镜像仓库。
3. 卷类型：限制Pod可以使用的卷类型。

您可以使用以下步骤创建PSP：

”`yaml apiVersion: policy/v1beta1 kind: PodSecurityPolicy metadata: name: default-deny spec: podSecurityContext:

runAsUser: 1000

volumes:

• ‘configMap’
• ‘secret’
• ‘downwardAPI’
• ‘emptyDir’
• ‘hostPath’
• ‘Projected’
• ‘persistentVolumeClaim’
• ‘secret’
• ‘gcePersistentDisk’
• ‘awsElasticBlockStore’
• ‘iscsi’
• ‘rbd’
• ‘nfs’
• ‘glusterfs’
• ‘cinder’
• ‘portworxVolume’
• ‘flexVolume’
• ‘azureDisk’
• ‘flocker’
• ‘gcsPersistentDisk’
• ‘openEBS’
• ‘vsphereVolume’
• ‘hostPort’
• ‘hostPID’
• ‘hostIPC’
• ‘runAsGroup’
• ‘runAsNonRoot’
• ‘supplementalGroups’
• ‘fsGroup`
• ‘runAsUser`
• ‘fsGroup`
• ‘runAsNonRoot`
• ‘supplementalGroups`
• ‘runAsUser`
• ‘hostNetwork`
• ‘hostPID`
• ‘hostIPC`
• ‘allowPrivilegeEscalation`
• ‘procMount`
• ‘readOnlyRootFilesystem`
• ‘defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation`
• ‘allowedCapabilities`
• ‘allowedProcMountTypes`
• ‘allowedUnprivilegedPaths`
• ‘allowedUnprivilegedProtocols`
• ‘allowedHostPaths`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ‘allowedHostDevices`
• ‘allowedHostDirPaths`
• ‘allowedHostProcPaths`
• ‘allowedHostPorts`
• ‘allowedHostNetwork`
• ‘allowedUnsafeSysctls`
• ‘allowedUnsafeParams`
• ‘allowedDevices`
• ‘allowedVolumes`
• ‘allowedVolumePlugins`
• ‘allowedFlexVolumes`
• ’