考研英语应用文写作概述

考研英语应用文写作是考研英语（一）和（二）中Part B部分的重要组成部分，通常占据10分的分值。这类写作要求考生在约150词的篇幅内，根据特定情境完成一篇实用性强的书面表达。应用文写作的核心在于”实用性”，它模拟真实生活中的交流场景，考查考生运用英语进行实际沟通的能力。

应用文写作主要包括书信类（如建议信、道歉信、感谢信、邀请信等）和通知类（如活动通知、会议通知等）两大类型。与传统议论文不同，应用文写作更注重格式规范、语言得体和信息传达的准确性。考生需要在有限篇幅内清晰表达意图，同时符合特定文体的语言风格要求。

从评分标准来看，考研英语应用文主要考察以下四个方面：内容完整性（是否覆盖所有要点）、语言准确性（语法、词汇使用是否正确）、格式规范性（书信、通知的格式是否正确）和语域适当性（语言风格是否符合交际场景）。其中，格式规范性和语域适当性是应用文区别于其他写作题型的独特考查点，也是考生容易失分的地方。

书信类应用文写作详解

书信基本格式要点

英文书信的格式有严格规范，考研英语应用文通常采用缩进式（Indented Style）或齐头式（Block Style）两种格式。在考研写作中，缩进式更为常见，即每段首行缩进4-5个字母，段落之间不空行。

一封完整的书信包括以下几个部分：

  1. 信头（Heading）：在考研写作中通常省略，因为题目会提供写信人和收信人信息
  2. 称呼（Salutation）：顶格写，后用逗号，如”Dear Professor Smith,“或”Dear Sir or Madam,”
  3. 正文（Body）：每段首行缩进，段落间可空一行
  4. 结束语（Complimentary Close）：如”Yours sincerely,“或”Yours faithfully,”
  5. 签名（Signature）：通常签假名”Li Ming”（题目指定）

常见书信类型及写作要点

1. 建议信（Letter of Suggestion）

建议信的目的是向收信人提出建设性意见，解决某个问题或改善某种状况。语气应礼貌、客观，建议要具体可行。

结构模板：

  • 开头：表明身份，说明写信目的
  • 主体：提出具体建议，解释建议的合理性
  • 结尾：表达希望建议被采纳的意愿

高分范文示例：

Dear Mr. Johnson,

I am a senior student from the English Department, writing to offer some suggestions regarding the campus library services.

Currently, many students complain about the limited opening hours during weekends, which causes inconvenience for those who prefer studying on Saturdays and Sundays. Therefore, I would like to propose extending the opening hours until 10 p.m. on weekends. Additionally, the number of computers in the reading room is insufficient, especially during exam periods. Adding 10 more computers would significantly improve the efficiency of students' research work.

I hope these suggestions would be helpful for improving our campus library services. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

技巧分析：

  • 开头明确身份和目的，符合学生身份
  • 使用”Currently”引出问题现状，使建议更有针对性
  • “Therefore”和”Additionally”等连接词使逻辑清晰
  • 具体建议（延长开放时间、增加电脑数量）具有可操作性
  • 结尾礼貌得体

2. 道歉信（Letter of Apology）

道歉信用于因故无法履行承诺或造成不便时表达歉意。语气要真诚，解释原因要合理，最好提供补救措施。

结构模板：

  • 开头：直接表达歉意
  • 主体：解释原因，提出补救方案
  • 结尾：再次道歉，请求谅解

高分范文示例：

Dear Professor Wang,

I am writing to apologize for my absence from your lecture on "Modern American Literature" last Friday morning.

Unfortunately, I caught a severe flu the night before and was advised by the doctor to stay in bed for two days. I tried to inform you in advance, but I couldn't reach you due to my illness. I have already borrowed the lecture notes from my classmate and will study the content carefully. If possible, I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss any questions I may have with you during your office hours next week.

Once again, I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience my absence may have caused. Thank you for your understanding.

Yours faithfully,
Li Ming

技巧分析：

  • 开头直接道歉，态度诚恳
  • 解释原因具体合理（生病且有医嘱）
  • 主动采取补救措施（借笔记、请教问题）
  • 结尾再次道歉并感谢理解

3. 感谢信（Letter of Thanks）

感谢信用于表达对他人的感激之情。语气要真诚，具体说明感谢的事由和对自己的帮助。

结构模板：

  • 开头：表达感谢
  • 主体：具体说明感谢的事由和对自己的帮助
  • 结尾：再次感谢或表达回报意愿

高分范文示例：

Dear Mary,

I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for your generous help during my stay in London last month.

Your hospitality and assistance made my trip both enjoyable and memorable. In particular, your guidance to the British Museum and the West End theaters greatly enriched my cultural experience. Moreover, your suggestion about using the Oyster card saved me a lot of transportation costs. Without your help, I would not have been able to complete my research project so smoothly.

I would like to invite you to visit Beijing next summer so that I can return your kindness. Please feel free to let me know if you need any information about traveling here.

Once again, thank you for everything you have done for me.

Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

技巧分析：

  • 开头直接表达感谢
  • 使用”In particular”和”Moreover”列举具体事例
  • 强调对方帮助的重要性（”Without your help…“）
  • 提出回报意愿，增进友谊

4. 邀请信（Letter of Invitation）

邀请信用于邀请他人参加活动或访问。要明确时间、地点、活动内容，并表达期待之情。

结构模板：

  • 开头：发出邀请
  • 主体：说明活动详情（时间、地点、内容）
  • 结尾：表达期待和回复要求

高分范文示例：

Dear Professor Smith,

On behalf of the Student Union, I am honored to invite you to be the judge for our annual English Speech Contest.

The contest will be held in the International Conference Hall from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. on May 20th, 2024. This year's theme is "Global Vision and Local Responsibility," and we have 15 outstanding contestants from different departments. Your expertise in English linguistics would be invaluable in evaluating the speeches.

We would be delighted if you could join us. Please let us know your availability by May 10th. We will provide all necessary materials in advance.

Looking forward to your positive response.

Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

技巧分析：

  • 开头明确身份和邀请目的
  • 详细说明活动时间、地点、主题和规模
  • 强调对方的重要性（”invaluable”）
  • 明确回复截止日期

5. 投诉信（Letter of Complaint）

投诉信用于对不满意的服务或产品提出批评。语气要坚定但礼貌，事实要清楚，要求要合理。

结构模板：

  • 开头：说明投诉事由
  • 主体：陈述问题详情和影响
  • 结尾：提出解决方案或要求

高分范文示例：

Dear Manager,

I am writing to complain about the poor quality of the laptop I purchased from your store on April 15th, 2024.

The laptop (Model: ThinkPad X1, Serial Number: ABC123) has been experiencing frequent blue-screen errors since purchase, which has severely affected my work efficiency. I have followed the user manual's troubleshooting steps, but the problem persists. According to your warranty policy, I am entitled to a repair or replacement.

I would appreciate it if you could arrange for a technician to examine the laptop and provide a solution within this week. I can be reached at 138-xxxx-xxxx for any further information.

I look forward to your prompt response.

Yours faithfully,
Li Ming

技巧分析：

  • 开头直接点明投诉主题
  • 提供具体产品信息（型号、序列号）和问题详情
  • 引用保修政策增强说服力
  • 明确要求和联系方式

通知类应用文写作详解

通知基本格式要点

通知（Notice）是一种正式的公告性文体，用于向公众或特定群体传达信息。考研英语中的通知写作通常包括以下要素：

  1. 标题：居中大写”NOTICE”或”ANNOUNCEMENT”
  2. 日期：可写在标题下方右侧或正文右上角
  3. 正文：每段首行缩进，内容简洁明了
  4. 落款：通常为组织名称，如”The Students’ Union”，写在右下角

常见通知类型及写作要点

1. 活动通知

活动通知需要包含活动目的、时间、地点、内容、参与方式等关键信息。

高分范文示例：

                            NOTICE

To enrich campus life and improve students' English proficiency, the English Club is organizing an English Movie Night event.

Date: May 15th, 2024 (Wednesday)
Time: 7:00 p.m. - 9:30 p.m.
Location: Room 301, Teaching Building No. 3
Movie: The Pursuit of Happyness
Language: Original English version with Chinese subtitles

All students are welcome to attend. After the movie, there will be a group discussion about the plot and themes. Snacks and drinks will be provided.

Please sign up at the English Club office before May 13th. For more information, contact Wang Li at 138-xxxx-xxxx.

The English Club
April 28, 2024

技巧分析：

  • 标题醒目，信息完整
  • 使用项目符号（时间、地点等）使信息清晰
  • 明确参与方式和联系方式
  • 落款和日期规范

2. 会议通知

会议通知需要明确会议主题、议程、参会人员和准备要求。

高分范文示例：

                            NOTICE

A meeting regarding the upcoming Campus Cultural Festival will be held to discuss the planning and organization work.

Time: 2:00 p.m., May 10th, 2024
Venue: Conference Room, Student Center
Participants: Representatives from all student clubs and departments
Agenda: 
1. Review of last year's festival
2. Discussion of this year's theme and activities
3. Division of responsibilities

All representatives are required to prepare a 5-minute presentation on their proposed activities. Please bring relevant materials to the meeting.

The Students' Union
May 5, 2024

技巧分析：

  • 会议目的明确
  • 议程用数字编号，条理清晰
  • 对参会者提出具体要求
  • 落款单位明确

高分技巧与实战策略

1. 开头结尾的黄金法则

开头句型库：

  • 建议信：”I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding…”
  • 道歉信：”I am writing to apologize for…”
  • 感谢信：”I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for…”
  • 邀请信：”I am writing to invite you to…”
  • 投诉信：”I am writing to complain about…”

结尾句型库：

  • “I hope my suggestions would be helpful.”
  • “Thank you for your time and consideration.”
  • “I would appreciate your prompt response.”
  • “Looking forward to your positive reply.”

2. 逻辑连接词的巧妙运用

使用恰当的连接词可以使文章逻辑清晰，层次分明：

  • 因果关系：therefore, thus, consequently, as a result
  • 递进关系：moreover, furthermore, additionally, in addition
  • 转折关系：however, nevertheless, on the other hand
  • 举例关系：for example, for instance, in particular
  • 顺序关系：firstly, secondly, finally, last but not least

3. 语域适当性（Register）

语域是指语言使用的正式程度和场合。考研应用文写作需要注意：

  • 正式场合（如给教授、领导写信）：使用正式词汇和完整句型

    • 正式：I would like to propose that…
    • 非正式：I think we should…

  • 半正式场合（如给同学、朋友写信）：可适当使用口语化表达

    • 正式：I am looking forward to hearing from you.
    • 半正式：Hope to hear from you soon.

4. 字数控制技巧

考研应用文要求约150词，通常130-170词为宜。控制字数的方法：

  • 精简开头结尾：避免冗长的寒暄
  • 合并句子：使用复合句减少简单句数量
  • 删除冗余：避免重复表达相同意思
  • 重点突出：只写题目要求的要点，不随意扩展

5. 常见失分陷阱及规避方法

陷阱一：格式错误

错误示例：

Dear Sir:
I am writing...

正确做法：称呼后用逗号，不是冒号

Dear Sir,
I am writing...

陷阱二：时态混乱

错误示例：

I was writing to complain about the service I receive yesterday.

正确做法：保持时态一致

I am writing to complain about the service I received yesterday.

陷阱三：人称混淆

错误示例：

Dear Sir,
You should improve your service...

正确做法：使用委婉语气

Dear Sir,
I would suggest that the service could be improved...

陷阱四：要点遗漏

规避方法：写作前列出所有要点，逐一检查是否覆盖

陷阱五：语言不得体

错误示例：

Hey buddy, your food sucks! Fix it now!

正确做法：

Dear Manager,
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the food quality...

实战演练与提升方法

1. 仿写训练法

选择高分范文进行仿写，重点学习：

  • 开头结尾的表达方式
  • 逻辑连接词的使用
  • 句型结构的变化

仿写练习示例： 原句：I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding the campus library services. 仿写：I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding the improvement of campus cafeteria services.

2. 要点扩展法

给出几个要点，练习将其扩展成完整段落： 要点：食堂拥挤、菜品单一、价格偏高 扩展：The campus cafeteria faces several issues that need improvement. Firstly, it becomes extremely crowded during peak hours, making it difficult for students to find seats. Secondly, the variety of dishes is limited, which fails to cater to diverse dietary preferences. Lastly, the prices are relatively high compared to the quality of food provided.

3. 错误修正练习

找出并修正以下错误：

Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing because I want to complain about the noise from your apartment. It is too loud and I can't sleep. You must stop it immediately or I will call the police.

修正后：

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am writing to kindly ask if you could reduce the noise level from your apartment during nighttime hours.

Recently, I have been having difficulty sleeping due to loud music and conversations coming from your apartment after 11 p.m. I would really appreciate it if you could keep the volume down after this time.

Thank you for your understanding.

Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

4. 模拟考试训练

在规定时间内（建议15-20分钟）完成一篇应用文写作，然后对照范文进行修改。重点关注：

  • 是否覆盖所有题目要点
  • 格式是否正确
  • 语言是否得体
  • 字数是否符合要求

5. 词汇升级替换

将普通词汇替换为更高级、更正式的表达：

普通词汇 升级替换
want to would like to
good beneficial, advantageous
bad problematic, unsatisfactory
think believe, maintain
help assist, facilitate
change improve, modify
because due to, owing to

总结

考研英语应用文写作虽然形式固定，但要在考试中获得高分，需要考生在格式规范、语言得体、内容完整和逻辑清晰等方面下功夫。关键在于：

  1. 熟记格式：书信和通知的基本格式必须准确无误
  2. 积累模板：针对不同类型的信件积累开头、结尾和常用句型
  3. 注意语域：根据写作对象调整语言的正式程度
  4. 避免陷阱：警惕常见错误，如格式、时态、人称等问题
  5. 勤加练习：通过仿写、改错和模拟考试提升实战能力

通过系统学习和持续练习，考生完全可以掌握应用文写作的技巧，在考试中取得理想成绩。记住，应用文写作的核心是”实用”，写作时要时刻考虑：我的信息是否清晰传达？我的语气是否恰当？我的格式是否规范？只有做到这些，才能真正提升写作实战能力。