引言：为什么小升初语法如此重要？
小升初是学生英语学习生涯中的一个重要转折点。在这个阶段，语法不再是简单的单词堆砌，而是构建完整句子、表达复杂意思的基石。许多学生在小学阶段英语成绩不错，但进入初中后成绩下滑，根本原因就是语法基础不牢固。小升初语法考试通常考察学生对基础句型的掌握、时态的正确运用、词性的准确理解以及复杂句式的分析能力。
掌握小升初语法不仅是为了应对考试，更是为了培养正确的英语思维习惯。一个语法体系清晰的学生，在后续的英语学习中会事半功倍。本文将从最基础的词性开始，逐步深入到时态、句型转换、从句等核心考点，通过大量实例和详细讲解，帮助学生构建完整的语法知识体系。
第一部分：词性基础——构建语法大厦的基石
1.1 名词：事物的名称与分类
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。在小升初阶段，学生需要掌握名词的单复数变化、不可数名词的用法以及名词所有格。
可数名词的单复数变化规则：
- 一般情况直接加-s：book → books, pen → pens
- 以s, x, sh, ch结尾加-es：box → boxes, watch → watches
- 以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i再加-es：city → cities, family → families
- 以o结尾，有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s：potato → potatoes, photo → photos
不可数名词的用法： 不可数名词没有复数形式，不能用a/an修饰，但可以用some, much, a little等修饰。例如：water, milk, bread, information, advice。
名词所有格： 表示所属关系，通常在名词后加’s。例如：Tom’s book, the children’s toys。以s结尾的复数名词只加’：the students’ desks。
1.2 冠词：名词的”帽子”
冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于元音音素开头的单词前。
不定冠词的用法：
- 表示”一个”：I have a book.
- 表示”每一”：He goes to the park once a week.
- 首次提到某人某物：There is a dog in the garden.
定冠词的用法：
- 特指上文提到的人或物：I have a book. The book is interesting.
- 指谈话双方都知道的人或物：Close the door, please.
- 用于独一无二的事物前：the sun, the moon
- 用于序数词和最高级前：the first, the tallest
零冠词的情况： 在专有名词、抽象名词、三餐、球类运动等前不加冠词：China, love, have breakfast, play basketball。
1.3 代词：代替名词的词
代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等。
人称代词的主格和宾格：
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me |
| 第二人称单数 | you | you |
| 第三人称单数 | he/she/it | him/her/it |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us |
| 第二人称复数 | you | you |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them |
物主代词： 形容词性物主代词后必须跟名词：my book, your pen。 名词性物主代词后不能跟名词：This book is mine.
反身代词： 表示”某人自己”：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。 常用搭配：enjoy oneself, help yourself, teach oneself。
1.4 数词：数量的表达
基数词： 1-12：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 13-19：thirteen, fourteen… nineteen（后缀-teen） 20-90：twenty, thirty… ninety（后缀-ty） 百位：hundred，千位：thousand
序数词： 一般在基数词后加-th：four → fourth, eleven → eleventh 特殊变化：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 几十几：twenty-first (21st)
时间表达法： 整点：at seven o’clock 几点几分：at seven fifteen / at a quarter past seven 差几分：at six forty-five / at a quarter to seven
1.5 形容词和副词：修饰的魔法
形容词的位置： 通常放在名词前：a beautiful girl 放在系动词后：The girl is beautiful.
形容词变副词规则：
- 一般直接加-ly：quick → quickly, slow → slowly
- 以辅音+y结尾，变y为i再加-ly：happy → happily
- 以le结尾，去e加-ly：simple → simply
- 以ic结尾，加-ally：basic → basically
比较级和最高级： 规则变化：
- 单音节词和部分双音节词：加-er, -est（tall → taller → tallest）
- 以e结尾：加-r, -st（nice → nicer → nicest）
- 重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母：双写辅音字母再加-er, -est（big → bigger → biggest）
- 多音节词和部分双音节词：加more, most（beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful）
不规则变化： good/well → better → best bad/ill → worse → worst many/much → more → most little → less → least far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
比较级的常用句型：
- A + be + 形容词比较级 + than + B：This book is more interesting than that one.
- 比较级 + and + 比较级（越来越…）：It’s getting hotter and hotter.
- The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…（越…越…）：The more you read, the more you know.
1.6 动词：句子的灵魂
动词是英语句子的核心，小升初阶段需要掌握动词的基本形式、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
动词的基本形式：
- 原形：do, have, eat
- 第三人称单数：does, has, eats（一般情况加-s，以s/x/sh/ch/o结尾加-es，辅音+y结尾变y为i加-es）
- 过去式：did, had, ate（规则动词加-ed，不规则动词需特殊记忆）
- 现在分词：doing, having, eating（一般加-ing，以不发音e结尾去e加-ing，重读闭音节结尾双写辅音字母加-ing）
- 过去分词：done, had, eaten（用于完成时态和被动语态）
系动词： 连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态、特征或身份。 常见系动词：be (am/is/are/was/were), look, sound, feel, smell, taste, become, get, turn, grow。 例：She is a student. The music sounds beautiful. The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
助动词： 帮助构成时态、语态或疑问句等。 常见助动词：do/does/did, have/has/had, will, shall。 例：Do you like English? He has finished his homework. They were playing football.
情态动词： 表示能力、许可、猜测等，后接动词原形。 常见情态动词：can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, have to。
- can/could：表示能力（能，会）或许可（可以）：I can swim. Can I go now?
- may/might：表示许可（可以）或猜测（可能）：You may go now. It may rain tomorrow.
- must：表示必须或肯定的猜测（用于肯定句）：You must finish your homework. He must be at home now.
- should：表示应该：You should study hard.
- have to：表示客观必须：I have to go now.
第二部分：时态——时间的魔法
时态是英语语法的核心，小升初阶段主要考察一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。
2.1 一般现在时
用法：
- 表示经常性、习惯性的动作：I get up at six every day.
- 表示客观真理、自然现象：The earth moves around the sun.
- 表示现在的状态：He lives in Beijing.
结构：
- 肯定句：主语 + 动词原形（主语是第三人称单数时动词加-s/-es）
- 否定句：主语 + don’t/doesn’t + 动词原形
- 一般疑问句：Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形？
时间状语： every day/week/month, always, usually, often, sometimes, never。
第三人称单数变化规则： 一般情况加-s：plays, reads 以s, x, sh, ch, o结尾加-es：goes, watches 辅音+y结尾变y为i加-es：studies, flies
2.2 现在进行时
用法：
- 表示现在正在进行的动作：I am reading a book now.
- 表示当前一段时间内的活动：He is studying in the UK this year.
- 表示即将发生的动作（常用于go, come, leave等）：He is coming tomorrow.
结构： 主语 + be动词 (am/is/are) + 动词-ing形式
时间状语： now, at the moment, look, listen。
现在分词构成规则： 一般加-ing：read → reading 以不发音e结尾去e加-ing：write → writing 重读闭音节结尾双写辅音字母加-ing：sit → sitting, swim → swimming
2.3 一般过去时
用法： 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构：
- 肯定句：主语 + 动词过去式
- 否定句：主语 + didn’t + 努词原形
- 一般疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形？
时间状语： yesterday, last week/month/year, … ago, in 2020, just now。
动词过去式变化规则： 规则动词：
- 一般加-ed：work → worked
- 以e结尾加-d：live → lived
- 辅音+y结尾变y为i加-ed：study → studied
- 重读闭音节结尾双写辅音字母加-ed：stop → stopped
不规则动词需特殊记忆：go → went, see → saw, eat → ate, have → had, do → did, is/am → was, are → were。
2.4 一般将来时
用法： 表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构：
will/shall + 动词原形（will适用于所有人称，shall仅用于第一人称）
- I will go to the park tomorrow.
- We shall study hard.
be going to + 动词原形（表示计划、打算或有迹象表明将要发生）
- I am going to visit my grandparents this weekend.
- Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.
时间状语： tomorrow, next week/month/year, in the future, in + 将来时间。
2.5 现在完成时
用法：
- 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：I have finished my homework.（作业已完成，现在可以玩了）
- 衣示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态：I have lived here for three years.
结构： 主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词
时间状语： already, yet, just, ever, never, for + 时间段, since + 时间点。
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
- 现在完成时强调与现在的联系，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。
- 一般过去时只谈过去的动作，与现在无关。
- I have seen the film.（我知道电影内容）
- I saw the film last week.（只说明上周看过）
第三部分：句型结构——句子的骨架
3.1 句子成分
一个完整的句子通常包含以下成分：
- 主语（Subject）：动作的发出者，通常由名词、代词或短语充当。
- 谓语（Verb）：主语的动作或状态，通常由动词充当。
- 宾语（Object）：动作的承受者，通常由名词、代词充当。
- 表语（Predicate）：说明主语的身份、特征或状态，位于系动词后。
- 定语（Attribute）：修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词充当。
- 状语（Adverbial）：修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，通常由副词或短语充当。
- 补语（Complement）：补充说明主语或宾语的状态、特征。
简单句的五种基本句型：
- S + V（主语 + 不及物动词）：He laughs.
- S + V + O（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语）：I love you.
- S + V + P（主语 + 系动词 + 表语）：She is happy.
- S + V + O + O（主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语）：He gave me a book.
- S + V + O + C（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）：We call him Tom.
3.2 一般疑问句
定义： 用yes或no回答的疑问句。
结构：
含be动词的句子：Be动词 + 主语 + 其他？
- Are you a student? → Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
- Is he reading? → Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
含情态动词的句子：情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？
- Can you swim? → Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
- Must I go now? → Yes, you must. / No,0 you needn’t.
含实义动词的句子：Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？
- Do you like English? → Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
- Does he play basketball? → Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
- Did they go to the park? → Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.
3.3 特殊疑问句
定义： 以疑问词开头，对句子中某一成分提问的疑问句。
常用疑问词：
- what（什么）：What is your name?
- who（谁）：Who is that man?
- whose（谁的）：Whose book is this?
- which（哪一个）：Which color do you like?
- when（什么时候）：When do you get up?
- where（在哪里）：Where do you live?
- why（为什么）：Why are you late?
- how（怎样）：How are you?
- how many（多少，可数）：How many books do you have?
- how much（多少，不可数）：How much water is there?
- how old（多大）：How old are you?
- how often（多久一次）：How often do you exercise?
结构： 疑问词 + 一般疑问句（当对主语或主语的定语提问时，用陈述句语序）
- What are you doing?（对宾语提问）
- Who is reading?（对主语提问，语序不变）
3.4 肯定句变否定句
规则： 在be动词、情态动词后加not；在助动词do/does/did后加not；没有be动词、情态动词和助动词时，需添加助动词do/does/did，再加not。
例子：
- I am a student. → I am not a student.
- He can swim. → He cannot swim.
- They have finished. → They have not finished.
- I like apples. → I don’t like apples.
- She plays football. → She doesn’t play football.
- We went to the park. → We didn’t go to the…
3.5 肯定句变一般疑问句
规则：
- 含be动词：将be动词提前。
- 含情态动词：将情态动词提前。
- 含实义动词：在句首加Do/Does/Did，动词恢复原形。
例子：
- I am a student. → Are you a?
- He can swim. → Can he swim?
- They have finished. → Have they finished?
- I like apples. → Do you like apples?
- She plays football. → Does she play football?
- We went to the park. → Did you go to the park?
3.6 肯定句变特殊疑问句
步骤：
- 确定疑问词（根据提问内容）
- 将疑问词置于句首
- 将句子变为一般疑问句（对主语提问时除外）
例子：
- My name is Tom.（对name提问）→ What is your name?
- I am twelve.（对age提问）→ How old are you?
- The book is on the desk.（对location提问）→ Where is the book?
- He goes to school by bus.（对方式提问）→ How does he go to school?
- They are playing football.（对动作提问）→ What are they doing?
第四部分：被动语态——主宾互换的艺术
4.1 被动语态的基本结构
定义： 主语是动作的承受者，即被动语态的主语是主动语态的宾语。
结构： 主语 + be动词 + 动词过去分词（+ by + 动作执行者）
时态变化：
一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词
- 主动：People speak English.
- 被动：English is spoken by people.
一般过去时：was/were + 过去分词
- 主动：They built the house in 2020.
- 話动：The house was built in 2020.
一般将来时：will be + 过去分词
- 主动：We will hold a meeting tomorrow.
- 被动：A meeting will be held tomorrow.
现在进行时：am/is/are being + 过去分词
- 主动：They are cleaning the room.
- 被动：The room is being cleaned.
现在完成时：have/has been + 过去分词
- 主动：They have finished the work. -被动：The work has been finished.
4.2 主动语态变被动语态的步骤
步骤：
- 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
- 根据主动语态的时态确定be动词的形式
- 将主动语态的动词变为过去分词
- 将主动语态的主语变为by短语（可省略）
例子：
主动：They make cars in this factory.
被动：Cars are made in this factory (by them).
主动：He wrote a letter yesterday.
被动：A letter was written by him yesterday.
4.3 被动语态的使用场景
使用被动语态的情况：
- 不知道动作执行者是谁：My bike was stolen yesterday.
- 没有必要指出动作执行者：English is spoken all over the world.
- 强调动作承受者：The novel was written by a young writer.
注意：
- 主动语态变被动语态时，注意动词过去分词的正确形式。
- 有些动词如have, own, lack等不能用于被动语态。
- 短语动词变被动语态时，不可遗漏介词或副词：look after → be looked after。
第五部分：复合句——复杂意思的表达
5.1 宾语从句
定义： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句。
引导词：
- that（无意义，可省略）：I think (that) he is right.
- if/whether（是否）：I don’t know if/whether he will come.
- 疑问词（what, who, when, where, why, how等）：Can you tell me what he said?
语序： 宾语从句必须用陈述句语序。
- 错误：Can you tell me where is he?
- 正确：Can you tell me where he is?
时态呼应： 主句是过去时，从句必须用相应的过去时态。
- 主句现在时：I think he is right.
- 主句过去时：I thought he was right.
否定转移： 主句的谓语动词是think, believe, expect等时，从句的否定要转移到主句。
- I don’t think he is right.（我认为他不对）
- I think he is not right.（×）
5.2 状语从句
定义： 在句子中起状语作用的从句，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、比较等。
时间状语从句： 常用引导词：when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as。
- When I got home, my mother was cooking.
- I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.
- As soon as he arrives, I’ll tell you.
条件状语从句： 常用引导词：if, unless, as long as。
- If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
- You can’t go to the party unless you finish your homework.
- As long as you study hard, you will pass the exam.
原因状语从句： 常用引导词：because, since, as。
- I was late because I missed the bus.
- Since you are here, let’s start the meeting.
- As it is raining, we have to stay at home.
结果状语从句： 常用引导词：so…that…, such…that…
- He is so young that he can’t go to school.
- It is such a heavy box that I can’t carry it.
目的状语从句： 常用引导词：so that, in order that。
- He studies hard so that he can get into a good school.
- We get up early in order that we can catch the first bus.
比较状语从句： 常用引导词：as…as…, not as/so…as…, than。
- This book is as interesting as that one.
- He runs faster than I do.
5.3 定语从句
定义： 在句子中起定语作用的从句，修饰名词或代词。
关系词：
- 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
- 关系副词：when, where, why
基本用法：
who/whom：修饰人（who作主语或宾语，whom作宾语）
- The boy who is reading is my brother.
- The man whom I met yesterday is a teacher.
whose：修饰人或物，表示所属关系
- This is the boy whose father is a doctor.
- I live in a house whose windows face south.
which：修饰物
- The book which is on the desk is mine.
- The story which he told was interesting.
that：修饰人或物（可替代who, whom, which）
- The man that I saw is Tom.
- The book that I bought is interesting.
when：修饰时间
- I will never forget the day when I first met you.
where：修饰地点
- This is the school where I studied.
why：修饰原因
- That is the reason why he was late.
注意：
- 关系词在从句中充当一个成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语）。
- 当关系词在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。
- 先行词是不定代词（如anything, everything, nothing）时，关系词只能用that。
第六部分：There be 句型与倒装句
6.1 There be 句型
用法： 表示”某处有某物”或”存在某人某物”。
结构： There be + 主语 + 地点状语
be动词的单复数： 遵循”就近原则”，be动词的单复数由靠近它的名词决定。
- There is a book and two pens on the desk.
- There are two pens and a book on the desk.
时态：
- 一般现在时：There is/are…
- 一般过去时：There was/were…
- 一般将来时：There will be… / There is going to be…
There be 与 have 的区别：
- There be：表示存在关系（某处有某物）
- have：表示拥有关系（某人拥有某物）
- There is a book on the desk.（书在桌上，不一定属于我）
- I have a book.（书属于我）
6.2 倒装句
完全倒装： 将整个谓语放在主语之前。
- Here comes the bus.（车来了）
- There goes the bell.（铃响了）
- In the room sat a boy.（房间里坐着一个男孩）
部分倒装： 只将助动词、情态动词或be动词放在主语之前。
- Never have I seen such a beautiful place.（我从未见过如此美丽的地方）
- Only then did I realize my mistake.（直到那时我才意识到错误）
- So beautiful is the girl that everyone likes her.（这个女孩如此美丽，以至于每个人都喜欢她）
第七部分：主谓一致——语法的和谐
7.1 语法一致原则
主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致。
例子：
- The boy plays football.（单数主语 + 单数谓语）
- The boys play football.（复数主语 + 复数谓语）
- Reading books is good for you.（动名词短语作主语，视为单数）
7.2 意义一致原则
主语的形式是单数但意义为复数，谓语用复数。
- The police are looking for the thief.（警察是复数概念）
- The team are having a meeting.（团队成员在开会）
7.3 就近原则
There be 句型、either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…等结构中，谓语动词的单复数由靠近它的名词决定。
- Either you or I am going to the party.
- Neither he nor his friends are coming.
- Not only the students but also the teacher likes the book.
第八部分：易混淆语法点辨析
8.1 some 与 any
some：用于肯定句，也可用于表示建议、请求的疑问句
- I have some books.
- Would you like some tea?
any：用于否定句和疑问句，也可用于肯定句表示”任何”
- I don’t have any books.
- Do you have any questions?
- Any student can answer this question.
8.2 many 与 much
many：修饰可数名词
- many books, many students
much：修饰不可数名词
- much water, much time
a lot of/lots of：既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词
- a lot of books, a lot of water
8.3 a few, few, a little, little
| 词组 | 含义 | 修饰名词类型 |
|---|---|---|
| a few | 一些，几个（肯定） | 可数名词复数 |
| few | 几乎没有（否定） | 可数名词复数 |
| a little | 一些，一点（肯定） | 不可数名词 |
| little | 几乎没有（否定） | 不可数名词 |
例子：
- I have a few friends.（我有几个朋友）
- I have few friends.（我几乎没有朋友）
- There is a little water in the bottle.（瓶子里有一点水）
- There is little water in the bottle.（瓶子里几乎没有水）
8.4 stop to do 与 stop doing
stop to do：停下来去做另一件事
- He stopped to have a rest.（他停下来去休息）
stop doing：停止正在做的事
- He stopped smoking.（他戒烟了）
8.5 remember/forget to do 与 remember/forget doing
remember/forget to do：记得/忘记去做某事（事情还没做）
- Remember to close the door.（记得关门）
- I forgot to bring my book.（我忘了带书）
remember/forget doing：记得/忘记做过某事（事情已做）
- I remember closing the door.（我记得关过门了）
- I forgot bringing my book.（我忘了曾带过书）
8.6 try to do 与 try doing
try to do：努力做某事
- He tried to climb the mountain.（他努力爬山）
try doing：尝试做某事
- He tried climbing the mountain.（他尝试爬山）
8.7 go on to do 与 go on doing
go on to do：做完一件事后继续做另一件事
- After reading, he went on to write.（读完书后，他接着写作）
go on doing：继续做同一件事
- He went on working without a rest.（他继续工作，没有休息）
8.8 感叹句
What引导的感叹句：
What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语！
- What a beautiful girl she is!
What + 形容词 + 只数名词复数/不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语！
- What beautiful flowers they are!
- What fine weather it is!
How引导的感叹句：
How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语！
- How beautiful the girl is!
- How fast he runs!
How + 主语 + 谓语！
- How time flies!（光阴似箭）
How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语！
- How beautiful a girl she is!
8.9 疑问词 + to do
在某些情况下，可以用”疑问词 + to do”结构代替宾语从句。
- I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do.
- Can you tell me how I can get there? → Can you tell me how to get there?
- He showed me where I should sit. → He showed me where to sit.
8.10 并列连词
and： 表示并列或顺承关系。
- I like apples and bananas.
- He gets up early and goes to bed early.
but： 表示转折关系。
- He is young but wise.
- I want to go, but I have no time.
or： 表示选择关系或否定条件。
- Would you like tea or coffee?
- Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
so： 表示因果关系。
- He is ill, so he doesn’t go to school.
- It is raining, so we have to stay at home.
for： 表示原因（较正式）。
- He must be at home, for the light is on.
- I went to see him, for he was ill.
第九部分：综合练习与应用
9.1 句型转换专项练习
练习1：将下列句子变为否定句
- I am a student.
- He can swim.
- They have finished their homework.
- She likes playing the piano.
- We went to the park yesterday.
答案：
- I am not a student.
- He cannot swim.
- They have not finished their homework.
- She doesn’t like playing the piano.
- We didn’t go to the park yesterday.
练习2：将下列句子变为一般疑问句
- I am a student.
- He can swim.
- They have finished their homework.
- She likes playing the piano.
- We went to the park yesterday.
答案：
- Are you a student?
- Can he swim?
- Have they finished their homework?
- Does she like playing the piano?
- Did you go to the park yesterday?
练习3：对划线部分提问
- My name is Tom.（对name提问）
- I am twelve.（对age提问）
- The book is on the desk.（对location提问）
- He goes to school by bus.（对方式提问）
- They are playing football.（对动作提问）
答案：
- What is your name?
- How old are you?
- Where is the book?
- How does he go to school?
- What are they doing?
9.2 时态综合练习
用所给动词的正确形式填空：
- He usually ______ (get) up at 6:30.
- Look! They ______ (play) football on the playground.
- I ______ (visit) my grandparents last weekend.
- Tomorrow we ______ (have) a picnic.
- By the time I got to the station, the train ______ (leave).
答案：
- gets（一般现在时，第三人称单数）
- are playing（现在进行时）
- visited（一般过去时）
- will have（一般将来时）
- had left（过去完成时）
9.3 被动语态练习
将下列主动句变为被动句：
- They make cars in this factory.
- He wrote a letter yesterday.
- We will hold a meeting tomorrow.
- They are cleaning the room.
- They have finished the work.
答案：
- Cars are made in this factory (by them).
- A letter was written by him yesterday.
- A meeting will be held tomorrow.
- The room is being cleaned.
- The work has been finished.
1.9.4 宾语从句练习
合并为宾语从句：
- Where does he live? I don’t know.
- Will it rain tomorrow? Can you tell me?
- What is his name? Do you know?
- Why was he late? I want to know.
- How can I get to the station? Can you tell me?
答案：
- I don’t know where he lives.
- Can you tell me if/whether it will rain tomorrow?
- Do you know what his name is?
- I want to know why he was late.
- Can you tell me how I can get to the station? / Can you tell me how to get to the station?
9.5 状语从句练习
用适当的引导词填空：
- I will call you ______ I arrive.
- ______ it is raining, we have to stay at home.
- He is ______ young ______ he can’t go to school.
- Study hard ______ you can pass the exam.
- This book is ______ interesting ______ that one.
答案：
- when/as soon as（时间状语从句）
- Since/Because（原因状语从句）
- so…that（结果状语从句）
- so that（目的状语从句）
- as…as（比较状语从句）
第十部分：高效学习方法与考试技巧
10.1 建立语法知识体系
1. 制作思维导图： 将语法知识分类整理，形成知识网络。例如：
- 词性：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词
- 时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时
- 句型：简单句、并列句、复合句
- 特殊句式：There be、被动语态、倒装句
2. 制作语法卡片： 将易混淆的语法点写在卡片上，正面写规则，反面写例子，随身携带，随时复习。
3. 建立错题本： 记录每次考试或练习中的语法错误，分析错误原因，定期复习。
10.2 高效记忆技巧
1. 口诀记忆法：
- 记忆动词过去式不规则变化：AAA型（cut-cut-cut）、ABB型（buy-bought-bought）、ABA型（come-came-come）、ABC型（sing-sang-sung）
- 记忆名词复数：单数变复数，有s加s，有x加x，有sh/ch加es，辅音+y变i加es，o结尾有生命加es无生命加s
2. 对比记忆法： 将易混淆的语法点对比记忆：
- some/any, many/much, a few/few/a little/little
- stop to do/stop doing, remember/forget to do/doing
3. 情景记忆法： 将语法规则放入实际情境中记忆：
- 用一般过去时描述昨天的活动
- 用现在进行时描述此时此刻的场景
- 用一般将来时制定周末计划
10.3 考试技巧
1. 审题技巧：
- 仔细阅读题目，确定考查的语法点
- 注意时间状语、地点状语等关键词
- 注意句子中的否定词、疑问词等
2. 答题技巧：
- 时态题：找时间状语，判断时间
- 语态题：判断主语是动作执行者还是承受者
- 从句题：分析句子结构，确定从句类型
- 词性题：分析句子成分，确定所需词性
3. 检查技巧：
- 检查动词形式是否正确（时态、语态、人称和数）
- 检查名词单复数、所有格
- 检查代词的主格宾格、物主代词形式
- �升序检查：从左到右，从前往后，避免遗漏
10.4 日常练习建议
1. 每日一句： 每天用一个语法点造句，例如：
- 用现在进行时：I am reading a book now.
- 用一般过去时：I went to the park yesterday.
- 用宾语从句：I think that he is right.
2. 阅读理解中的语法学习： 在阅读英语文章时，注意分析句子结构，找出各种语法现象，理解其用法。
3. 写作练习： 每周写一篇英语短文，有意识地运用所学语法知识，写完后检查语法错误。
4. 听力与口语中的语法： 在听英语广播、看英语电影时，注意听句子的语法结构；在口语表达中，尝试使用正确的语法形式。
10.5 常见错误分析与避免
1. 时态混淆：
- 错误：I go to the park yesterday.
- 正确：I went to the park yesterday.
- 避免方法：注意时间状语，建立时态时间轴
2. 主谓不一致：
- 错误：The boy play football.
- 正确：The boy plays football.
- 避免方法：记住第三人称单数规则，注意就近原则
3. 词性误用：
- 错误：He runs quick.
- 正确：He runs quickly.
- 避免方法：记住形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词
4. 句子成分残缺：
- 错误：Because he is ill.（缺少主句）
- 正确：Because he is ill, he doesn’t go to school.
- 避免方法：确保句子结构完整，主从句齐全
5. 宾语从句语序错误：
- 错误：Can you tell me where is he?
- 正确：Can you tell me where he is?
- 遵免方法：记住宾语从句用陈述句语序
结语：语法学习的持续之路
语法学习不是一蹴而就的，需要长期的积累和实践。小升初语法虽然基础，但却是整个中学阶段英语学习的基石。通过系统学习词性、时态、句型、从句等核心内容，配合科学的学习方法和持续的练习，每个学生都能掌握好语法。
记住，语法不是死记硬背的规则，而是帮助我们准确表达思想的工具。在学习过程中，要多思考、多练习、多应用，将语法知识内化为语言能力。相信通过本文的系统学习，你一定能够轻松掌握小升初语法核心考点，高效提升英语成绩！
最后，祝愿每位同学在小升初的英语学习中取得优异成绩，为未来的英语学习打下坚实基础！