高中英语语法是英语学习的基石,它不仅影响着阅读理解、完形填空和写作的准确性,更是高考英语取得高分的关键。对于即将步入高中或正在高一阶段的学生来说,提前预习并掌握核心语法点,能够有效减轻后续学习压力,建立扎实的语言基础。本文将系统性地解析高中英语语法的重点、难点,并辅以大量实例和练习建议,帮助你高效预习。
一、高中英语语法体系概览
高中英语语法并非零散的知识点,而是一个有机整体。它主要围绕句子结构和动词变化两大核心展开。我们可以将其大致分为以下几个模块:
- 词法:名词、代词、冠词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、动词(核心)。
- 句法:句子成分、句子种类(简单句、并列句、复合句)、时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、虚拟语气、特殊句式(倒装、强调、省略等)。
预习时,不必追求面面俱到,而应抓住动词和从句这两个“牛鼻子”,它们是高中语法的重中之重。
二、动词:语法的核心与灵魂
动词是英语句子的心脏,其变化形式决定了句子的时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式。高中阶段对动词的考察极为深入。
1. 时态:时间的精确表达
时态是动词在不同时间(过去、现在、将来)和状态(进行、完成)下的表现形式。高中要求掌握16种时态,但核心是以下几种:
- 一般现在时:表习惯、真理、客观事实。
- 例:The sun rises in the east. (真理)
- 例:He goes to school by bike every day. (习惯)
- 现在进行时:表现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
- 例:Look! They are playing football on the playground.
- 一般过去时:表过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 例:She visited her grandparents last weekend.
- 过去进行时:表过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 例:I was reading a book when the phone rang.
- 现在完成时:(重点难点) 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去持续到现在的动作。
- 标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, for + 时间段, since + 时间点。
- 例:I have finished my homework. (影响:现在可以休息了)
- 例:They have lived in this city for ten years. (从过去持续到现在)
- 一般将来时:表将来要发生的动作。
- 常见表达:will do, be going to do, be to do, be about to do。
- 例:I will call you tomorrow. (临时决定)
- 例:It is going to rain. (有迹象表明)
- 过去完成时:(难点) 表示“过去的过去”,即在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。
- 例:When I got to the station, the train had already left. (我到达是过去,火车离开是在此之前,更早的过去)
预习建议:制作一个时态表格,列出每种时态的结构、用法和典型时间状语,通过造句来巩固。
2. 被动语态:主语与动作关系的转换
被动语态强调动作的承受者,由“be + 过去分词”构成。时态的变化体现在be动词上。
- 一般现在时:am/is/are + done
- 例:English is spoken by many people around the world.
- 一般过去时:was/were + done
- 例:The bridge was built in 1990.
- 现在完成时:have/has been + done
- 例:The problem has been solved.
- 情态动词:情态动词 + be + done
- 例:This work must be finished by Friday.
注意:不及物动词(如 happen, appear, die)和表示状态的动词(如 have, own, belong to)通常没有被动语态。
3. 非谓语动词:句子的“多功能组件”
非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)不能单独作谓语,但可以充当其他句子成分,是高中语法的难点和重点。
- 不定式 (to do):表目的、将来、具体某次动作。
- 作主语:To learn English well is important. (常用 it 作形式主语:It is important to learn English well.)
- 作宾语:He decided to study harder.
- 作宾补:The teacher asked us to finish the exercise.
- 作定语:I have a lot of homework to do.
- 作状语:He came here to see his friend. (表目的)
- 动名词 (doing):表习惯、一般性动作,具有名词性质。
- 作主语:Smoking is bad for health.
- 作宾语:He enjoys listening to music.
- 作表语:My hobby is collecting stamps.
- 作定语:a swimming pool (游泳池)
- 分词:包括现在分词 (doing) 和过去分词 (done)。
- 现在分词 (doing):表主动、进行。
- 作定语:The boy standing under the tree is my brother. (主动,正在站)
- 作状语:Hearing the news, she jumped with joy. (主动,听到)
- 过去分词 (done):表被动、完成。
- 作定语:The book written by Lu Xun is very famous. (被动,被写)
- 作状语:Seen from the top, the city looks beautiful. (被动,被看)
- 现在分词 (doing):表主动、进行。
难点辨析:
- to do vs. doing 作宾语:有些动词后只接 to do (decide, hope, want),有些只接 doing (enjoy, mind, finish),有些两者皆可但意义不同 (stop to do 停下来去做某事 / stop doing 停止做某事)。
- 分词作状语:分词的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。例:Seeing from the hill, the city is beautiful. (正确,seeing 的逻辑主语是 the city,城市被看)。如果逻辑主语不一致,需用独立主格结构。
4. 情态动词:表达语气与推测
情态动词本身有一定含义,但需与动词原形连用。高中重点掌握其推测用法。
- can/could:表能力、许可、可能性(否定或疑问句中常用)。
- 例:Can you swim? (能力)
- 例:You can go now. (许可)
- may/might:表许可、可能性(语气较委婉)。
- 例:May I come in? (许可)
- 例:He may be at home. (可能性)
- must:表必须、肯定推测(语气最强)。
- 例:You must finish your homework. (必须)
- 例:He must be in the office. (肯定推测,他一定在办公室)
- should/ought to:表应该、建议、推测(可能性较大)。
- 例:You should study hard. (应该)
- 例:He should be there by now. (推测)
- shall/will:表意愿、将来(shall 用于第一人称,will 用于所有人称)。
- 例:I shall/will help you. (意愿)
- 例:It will rain tomorrow. (将来)
推测用法总结:
- 对现在/一般情况的推测:
- must be (肯定) / may/might/could be (可能) / can‘t be (不可能)
- 例:He isn’t here. He must be in the library. (肯定)
- 例:The light is on. He might be at home. (可能)
- 对过去/已完成事情的推测:
- must have done (肯定做过) / may/might/could have done (可能做过) / can‘t have done (不可能做过)
- 例:He didn’t come to school. He must have been ill. (肯定病了)
- 例:I can’t find my keys. I might have left them at home. (可能落在家了)
三、从句:构建复杂句子的框架
从句是句子中的一个成分,由一个完整的句子充当,通常由一个引导词(关系词、连接词)引出。高中英语从句主要包括三大类:
1. 名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。常用引导词:that, whether, if, who, whom, what, which, when, where, why, how。
- 主语从句:
- 例:What he said is true. (他所说的是真的。)
- 例:Whether he will come is still unknown. (他是否会来还不知道。)
- 宾语从句:
- 例:I know that he is a good student. (我知道他是个好学生。)
- 例:Can you tell me where the library is? (你能告诉我图书馆在哪里吗?)
- 表语从句:
- 例:The problem is that we don’t have enough time. (问题是我们没有足够的时间。)
- 例:This is what I want to say. (这就是我想说的。)
- 同位语从句:
- 例:The news that our team won the game excited everyone. (我们队赢了比赛的消息让每个人都很兴奋。)
- 例:I have no idea when he will come back. (我不知道他什么时候回来。)
注意:that 引导名词性从句时,在从句中不充当成分,无实际意义,但不可省略(除宾语从句中有时可省略)。whether 和 if 在宾语从句中可互换,但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,以及介词后,只能用 whether。
2. 定语从句
修饰名词或代词的从句,被修饰的词叫先行词。关系词分为关系代词(who, whom, which, that, whose)和关系副词(when, where, why)。
- 关系代词:
- who/whom:指人,在从句中作主语/宾语。
- 例:The man who is talking to my father is my teacher. (作主语)
- 例:The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister. (作宾语,可省略)
- which:指物,在从句中作主语/宾语。
- 例:The book which is on the desk is mine. (作主语)
- 例:The pen which I bought yesterday is lost. (作宾语,可省略)
- that:指人或物,在从句中作主语/宾语。在口语和非正式文体中,that 可以代替 who/whom/which。
- whose:指人或物,表所属关系,在从句中作定语。
- 例:This is the boy whose father is a doctor. (作定语)
- 例:I live in a room whose window faces south. (作定语)
- who/whom:指人,在从句中作主语/宾语。
- 关系副词:
- when:指时间,在从句中作时间状语。
- 例:I still remember the day when I first met you.
- where:指地点,在从句中作地点状语。
- 例:This is the school where I studied.
- why:指原因,在从句中作原因状语。
- 例:That is the reason why I was late.
- when:指时间,在从句中作时间状语。
难点与限制:
- 只能用 that 的情况:
- 先行词是不定代词(all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much 等)。
- 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。
- 先行词既有人又有物。
- 先行词被 the only, the very, the last 等修饰。
- 介词提前:当关系代词在介词后作宾语时,介词可提前,此时关系代词不能用 that,指人用 whom,指物用 which。
- 例:This is the house in which I lived. (或 This is the house which I lived in.)
- 非限制性定语从句:用逗号与主句隔开,不能用 that 引导,不能省略关系词。
- 例:My brother, who is a doctor, works in a big hospital.
3. 状语从句
在句子中作状语,修饰动词、形容词或副词,表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式等。常用引导词根据从句类型而定。
- 时间状语从句:when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, the moment, immediately, every time 等。
- 例:I will call you as soon as I arrive. (一…就…)
- 例:He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back. (直到…才)
- 条件状语从句:if, unless, as long as, in case, provided that 等。
- 例:If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. (如果)
- 例:You can’t succeed unless you work hard. (除非)
- 原因状语从句:because, since, as, for, now that 等。
- 例:He was late because he missed the bus. (直接原因)
- 例:Since everyone is here, let’s start the meeting. (既然)
- 让步状语从句:though, although, even if, even though, no matter how/what/when/where, whatever, whoever 等。
- 例:Although it was raining, he went to school on time. (尽管)
- 例:No matter what happens, I will help you. (无论什么)
- 结果状语从句:so…that, such…that, so that (结果)。
- 例:He is so clever that everyone likes him. (如此…以至于)
- 例:It was such a heavy box that I couldn’t carry it. (如此…以至于)
- 目的状语从句:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case 等。
- 例:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. (以便)
- 比较状语从句:as…as, not so…as, than, the more…the more 等。
- 例:This book is as interesting as that one. (和…一样)
- 例:He runs faster than I do. (比…)
- 方式状语从句:as, as if, as though 等。
- 例:Do as I told you. (按照)
- 例:He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (好像)
注意:在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表将来(主将从现)。
- 例:I will go to the park if the weather is fine tomorrow.
四、其他重要语法点
1. 主谓一致
主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
- 语法一致:主语是单数,谓语用单数;主语是复数,谓语用复数。
- 例:The teacher is in the classroom. (单数)
- 例:The students are reading. (复数)
- 意义一致:主语形式是单数但意义是复数,谓语用复数。
- 例:The police are looking for the thief. (警察是集体名词,表多个警察)
- 就近一致:由 or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also 等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。
- 例:Either you or I am going to the party. (就近,I 是单数)
- 例:Not only the students but also the teacher likes the movie. (就近,teacher 是单数)
2. 虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,与事实相反。高中主要掌握与现在、过去、将来事实相反的条件句。
- 与现在事实相反:If + 主语 + 过去式 (be 动词用 were),主语 + should/would/could/might + 动词原形。
- 例:If I were you, I would accept the offer. (如果我是你,我会接受这个提议。——事实:我不是你)
- 与过去事实相反:If + 主语 + had + 过去分词,主语 + should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词。
- 例:If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam. (如果你当时更努力学习,你就能通过考试了。——事实:你当时没努力,没通过)
- 与将来事实相反:If + 主语 + should/were to + 动词原形,主语 + should/would/could/might + 动词原形。
- 例:If it should rain tomorrow, we would cancel the trip. (如果明天下雨,我们就取消旅行。——事实:明天下雨的可能性不大)
注意:在省略 if 的虚拟条件句中,需将 were, had, should 提前。
- 例:Were I you, I would do it. (If I were you…)
- 例:Had I known, I would have told you. (If I had known…)
3. 特殊句式
- 倒装句:为了强调或平衡句子结构,将谓语或部分谓语提前。
- 完全倒装:整个谓语提前。例:Here comes the bus. (车来了。)
- 部分倒装:助动词/情态动词提前。例:Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset. (我从未见过如此美丽的日落。)
- 强调句:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子剩余部分。
- 例:It was yesterday that I met him. (我是在昨天遇到他的。)
- 省略句:为避免重复,省略句子中的某些成分。
- 例:— Are you ready? — Yes, I am. (省略了 ready)
- 例:He is taller than I (am). (省略了 am)
五、预习方法与练习建议
- 系统阅读:找一本高中语法书,按章节顺序阅读,理解每个语法点的定义、结构和用法。
- 制作笔记:用思维导图或表格整理重点,特别是时态、非谓语动词和从句的对比。
- 大量造句:每个语法点至少造5-10个句子,从简单到复杂。例如,学习定语从句时,可以尝试用不同的关系词造句。
- 专项练习:完成语法书后的练习题,或寻找在线资源进行专项训练(如时态专项、从句专项)。
- 阅读中验证:在阅读英语文章时,有意识地分析句子结构,找出其中的语法点,加深理解。
- 错题整理:将练习中的错题记录下来,分析错误原因,定期复习。
示例练习: 请用所学语法点完成以下句子:
- He ______ (work) in this company for five years. (现在完成时)
- The building ______ (build) last year is our library. (被动语态/非谓语动词)
- ______ he will come or not is still a question. (名词性从句)
- I will never forget the day ______ we first met. (定语从句)
- If I ______ (be) you, I ______ (take) the job. (虚拟语气)
答案:
- has worked
- built
- Whether
- when
- were, would take
结语
高中英语语法虽然体系庞大,但只要抓住核心,理清脉络,通过系统学习和持续练习,完全可以掌握。预习阶段,重点在于理解概念和基本结构,不必急于求成。记住,语法是为语言服务的工具,最终目的是为了更准确、更地道地进行交流和表达。希望这份解析能为你的高中英语学习之旅提供一个清晰的起点,祝你学习顺利!
